Zero Inflation Essays - Inflation, Monetary Policy,

Zero Inflation Introduction Hyper inflation has plagued most of the world's developing countries over the past decades. Countries in the industrialised world, too, have at times duelled with dangerously high inflation rates in the post WWII era. With varying degrees of success, all have employed great efforts to bring their inflation rates within acceptable limits. Generally, a moderate rate of inflation has been the ultimate goal. More recently, however, a few countries have pursued policies that strive to eradicate inflation altogether through complete price stability. This has proven to be a contentious enterprise, which clearly indicates that there is still no universally accepted solution to the inflation problem. Indeed, there is not even an agreed consensus regarding the source of inflation itself. The monetarist perception that the root of inflation is solely the excessive creation of money remains. So too does the belief that inflation originates in the labour market. And amongst a variety of others, t he opinion that inflation ?serves the critical social purpose of resolving incompatible demands by different groups? is also strong. This last, and more widely accepted, case shows that the problem is hardly a technical one; but rather a political one. It highlights the now unquestionable fact that politics and inflation are inextricably linked. And as with all inherently political issues, consensus is difficult, if not impossible, to achieve. But, political characteristics do provide flexibility. In some countries, high rates of inflation have clearly been compatible with rapid economic growth and fast rising standards of living. In such cases, it is quite reasonable to suggest that higher rates of inflation are acceptable--perhaps even necessary. In this setting, it is by no means clear that pursing a policy to stop moderate inflation is either required, or in the best interests of the mass of the population at all. While inflation guarantees that some will gain at the expense of others, the redistributions of income and wealth which do take place can, on normal value grounds, be quite desirable. In other circumstances, it may be quite desirable to place strict controls on inflation, or strive to keep it at ?zero' level. Policies aimed at virtual price stability have been in use by central banks in Europe, New Zealand, and Canada over the past few years. Such policies have been particularly focused in Canada. As noted by Pierre Fortin, ?the only objective the Bank of Canada has pursued since 1989 has been to establish and maintain the inflation rate at ?zero level', which it sees as a CPI inflation rate that is clearly below two percent? (italic added). To the surprise of many, it has been incredibly successful, achieving its objective several years before schedule. Although separated by only a few percentage points, Canada's policy is a sharp contrast to the moderate and balanced approach used in the U.S. ?Since 1989 the Federal Reserve has been satisfied with achieving an inflation rate of around 3 percent. In setting the interest rate, it has continued to pay explicit attention to real economic growth and employment, with the result that the U.S. unemployment rate is currently in the 5 to 6 percent range.? Based on this statistic alone, it can be argued that the more moderate U.S. approach has enjoyed greater success than the deflation oriented policy pursued by the Bank of Canada: Canada continues to be burdened with a higher rate of unemployment. Yet, it continues to believe that the unemployment costs of low inflation are ?transitory and small' . The directors of most European Central Banks also continue to support this dogma. Clearly, the credibility of the ?classical idea that the Phillips trade off between inflation and unemployment dis appears in the long run? is still very high throughout the world. But, in Canada, as in most of Europe, the waiting continues. This is not to suggest that the waiting game has been silent and entirely pleasant. Indeed, the relative lack (or lag!) of success of zero inflation policies and strict price controls has spurred much heated debate. As a case in point, more people are curious why Canada has exclusively focused on inflation cutting and turned a blind eye to the more balanced, and arguably more successful, approach adopted by the U.S.. Is

Japanese Counters Used for Counting Objects

Japanese Counters Used for Counting Objects Lets learn how to count in Japanese. Every language has a different way of counting objects; the Japanese use counters. They are similar to English expressions such as a cup of ~, a sheet of ~ and so on. There are a variety of counters, often based on the shape of the object. Counters are attached directly to a number (e.g. ni-hai, san-mai). Following the next couple of paragraphs, we have included counters for the following categories: objects, duration, animals, frequency, order, people and others. Things which are not clearly categorized or shapeless are counted by using native Japanese numbers (hitotsu, futatsu, mittsu etc.). When using a counter, pay attention to the word order. It is different from English order. A typical order is noun particle quantity- verbs. Here are examples. Hon o ni-satsu kaimashita.æÅ" ¬Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¤ ºÅ'冊è ² ·Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚I bought two books.Koohii o ni-hai kudasai.ã‚ ³Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ'’ãÆ' ¼Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¤ ºÅ'æ  ¯Ã£  Ã£   Ã£ â€¢Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€šPlease give me two cups of coffee.Another thing we  want to mention is that when the Japanese group objects they divide them into groups of five and ten, unlike the typical groupings of six and twelve in the West. For example, sets of Japanese dishes or bowls are sold in units of five. Traditionally, there was no word for a dozen, though it has been used because of Western influence.ObjectsWhen combining a number with a counter, the pronunciation of the number or the counter might change.hon æÅ" ¬ - Long, cylindrical objects: trees, pens, etc.mai æžš - Flat, thin objects: paper, stamps, dishes, etc.ko 個 - Broad category of small and compact objectshai æ  ¯ - Liquid in cups, glasses, bowls, etc.satsu 冊 - Bound objects: books, magazines, etc.dai Ã¥  ° - Vehicles, machines etc.kai 階 - The floor of a buildingken ä » ¶ - Houses, buildingssoku è ¶ ³ - Pairs of footwear: sock, shoes, etc.tsuu 通 - LettersDurationjikan 時éâ€"“ - Hour, as in ni-jikan (two hours)fun 分 - Minute, as in go-fun (five minutes)byou ç §â€™ - Second, as in sanjuu-byoo (thirty seconds)shuukan é€ ±Ã©â€"“ - Week, as in san-shuukan (three weeks)kagetsu 㠁‹æÅ"ˆ - Month, as in ni-kagetsu (two months)nenkan Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã©â€"“ - Year, as in juu-nenkan (ten years)Animalshiki Ã¥Å' ¹ - Insects, fish, small animals: cats, dogs, etc.tou é   ­ - Large animals: horses, bears, etc.wa ç ¾ ½ - BirdsFrequencykai 回 - Times, as in ni-kai (twice)do Ã¥ º ¦ - Times, as in ichi-do (once)Orderban ç• ª - Ordinal numbers, as in ichi-ban (first place, number one)tou ç ­â€° - Class, grade, as in san-too (third place)Peoplenin ä º º - Hitori (one person) and futari (two people) are exceptions.mei Ã¥   - More formal than nin.Otherssai æ ­ ³/æ ‰  - Age, as in go-sai (five years old)Ippon demo Ninjin is a fun children song for learning about counters. Pay attention to the different counters used for each item.

The art aspect of (Al-Rowshan) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The art aspect of (Al-Rowshan) - Essay Example An Al-Rowshan is an essential section of a building’s frontage hence, its designs is vital to the architecture of the property. Al-Rowshan styles have changed over the years to reflect transformations in structural designs, building and construction materials. The ancient Maltese Al-Rowshan is a wooden closed Al-Rowshan protruding from a wall. On the other hand, Juliet Al-Rowshans does not project out of the building. They are normally a section of the upper floor, thin in depth with a balustrade at the front alone2. Different kinds of Al-Rowshans have been applied in portraying the imaginary lovers’ scene and the popular ones at the Verona villa is not a Juliet Al-Rowshan in the actual design sense. French or double doors are surrounded by Juliet balconies and permit them to be opened inwards for high light and aeration, whereas protecting inhabitants from falling out. They are not viewed as actual balconies while effectively serving as restraint because they lack plat form to stand on. Nevertheless, Juliet balconies remain to be famous currently the way they used to be many years ago and are a very efficient means of adding an outdoor feel to an indoor space. External balconies were supported by corbels manufactured from successive courses of stonework, or by large stone/wooden brackets during the renaissance and medieval eras. Cast iron, reinforced concrete and other materials are used commonly to support balconies since the 19th century3. Al-Rowshan/balconies in Britain Juliet balconies in the UK date back to the late Georgian era when architects specified them to offer grand homes a prominent appearance. They were at first produced in ornamental styles of wrought iron, they were shallow, rectangular and spanned the thickness of drawing room windows on the property’s first floor. Cast iron railings were growing in fame by the early 19thC with style dictating addition of classical designs to substitute the led finials of the ancient times . Designs were seen widely across cities and towns like London, Cheltenham and Bath as they became more complex. The mass production and lower cost of cast iron in the Regency era led to its extensive use in highly decorative Juliet Al-Rowshans combining details like urns and acorns4. Numerous archetypal townhouses of the era had full length sash windows that could be opened fully with cast iron Juliet Al-Rowshans offering the essential protection. Ironwork went on to be applied for Victorian priorities with first-floor in front of the increasingly-popular French windows. Architects were led by the recognition of the advantages of natural light to seek new means of improving daylight in a home. Better glassmaking methods enabled the manufacture of larger, cheaper and stronger windows of glass with fewer glazing bars for use in French windows at the same time. This was a rumble period for Al-Rowshans5. The Victorian also took motivation from Europe to construct their exceptional vers ions of Juliet Al-Rowshans once more using ironwork to great ornamental effect. Balconies were took them to an entire new level by the Edwardians who increased their sizes to stretch across several window. They were used by larger houses to enjoy augmented outdoor space and balustrading was constructed from wrought iron or carved white wood. The shift to higher housing densities and augmented application of Brownfield